Science advice at the top: a global overview of chief science advisor model in governance

Abstract

Science advice plays a key role in policymaking, with governments adopting various models to integrate expertise into decision-making. This study provides a preliminary overview of the Chief Science Advisor (CSA) model, examining its adoption across different governance structures. Our mapping analysis identifies seven countries-the US, the UK, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, India, and Ireland-that have formally institutionalized this model, while also exploring cases where it has been discontinued or never fully formalized. While the CSA is not the sole mechanism for science advice, it offers a distinct approach that balances expert guidance with political realities. Through qualitative analysis of expert interviews with former CSAs, public officers, and policy experts, we examine the professional backgrounds, competencies, and strategic roles of CSAs as well as their agenda. By assessing both the strengths and limitations of this advisory structure, this study contributes to discussions on enhancing evidence-informed governance and public trust in decision-making.