https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14178/1 Faculties Tue, 26 May 2026 15:57:47 GMT 2026-05-26T15:57:47Z https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14178/3813 Familial risks in prostate cancer between brothers and half-brothers as clues to germline genetic and environmental causes Hemminki, Kari Jussi; Zitrický, František; Sundquist, Kristina; Sundquist, Jan; Försti, Asta; Hemminki, Akseli; Hemminki, Oto Swedish family and cancer data constitute the largest source on familial cancer in the world. We analyze here familial risks in prostate cancer (PC) with focus on multiple affected brothers and comparation of full-brothers to maternal and paternal half-brothers. Age-specific incidence and standardized incidence ratios (SIRs) were calculated for PC in brothers. Curves for relative risk (RR) by diagnostic age were plotted for risk distributions. A total of 115,066 PCs were diagnosed in 1.2 million men. Familial SIR for full brothers was 2.23, for maternal half-brothers it was 1.92 and paternal half-brothers was 1.34. Considering SIRs with least possible detection bias (7+ years after first brother's diagnosis) the above SIRs were 2.06, 1.66 and 1.41. SIRs in full brothers increased stepwise by the number of affected brothers reaching 21.33 when 6 brothers were affected. Age-RR curves for two affected brothers declined evenly from RR 2.8 at age 45 to below 2.0 at age 80. When four or more brothers were affected, a discrete high-risk peak (RR 4 to 7) was detected between ages 60 and 69. Data on full-brothers and half-brothers indicate that familial risk in PC is largely genetic which is also supported by discrete RR peaks in high-risk families at ages matching preferential penetrance age for known predisposition genes of PC. Familial risk increased already when two brothers were affected calling for clinical vigilance concerning family history. Family history should deserve a place as an inclusion criterium in schemes for PC screening. Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14178/3813 2026-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14178/3812 The Czech Republic and the 2022 and 2023 Reintroduction of Border Controls: Framing Secondary Movements as a Threat to National Security in the Regional Context Honusková, Věra; Zaimović, Enes Since 2015, Western and Central European member states along the Balkan route haverepeatedly responded to the increased number of arriving migrants by reintroducing internal bordercontrols. They did so deliberately and at the cost of sacrificing one of the major achievements of theEuropean integration process: the principle of free movement and the area without internal fron-tiers. The presented Article focuses on legal assessment of these responses. Using the example ofthe Czech reintroduction of border controls on the land border with Slovakia in 2022/23 and2023/24, we demonstrate how legal responses of member states may intertwine with domestic pol-itics and how states take a somewhat hesitant approach to law in the face of migratory pressure.The Czech example also illustrates how states, despite their international and EU obligations, adoptspecific measures without properly considering adequate and more proportionate alternatives. Mon, 01 Jan 2024 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14178/3812 2024-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14178/3811 Podmíněný trest odnětí svobody: Převládající, nepopsaný, nepřiměřený Drápal, Jakub; Cioffi, Vanessa Adriana; Vanča, Tomáš; Kubů, Ondřej Kniha zkoumá, proč je podmíněný trest odnětí svobody, navzdory kritice a obavám z nespravedlnosti, tak často využívaným nástrojem soudů. Autorský tým pod vedením Jakuba Drápala přináší nový pohled na problematiku a klade důraz na potřebu reformy současné právní úpravy.Publikace rozebírá historický vývoj podmíněného trestu a zasazuje jej do kontextu kriminologických teorií i právní praxe, přičemž čerpá z rozhovorů s třiceti soudkyněmi a soudci. Díky detailní analýze ukazuje, jak rozdílné může být rozhodování soudů v praxi oproti teoretickým principům, což vede k řadě paradoxů. Kniha propojuje pohledy práva a kriminologie a nabízí návrhy, jak problematiku podmíněných trestů upravit, aby lépe plnila svůj účel ve spravedlivém systému.; The suspended prison sentence is the most frequently imposed form of sentence in Czechia, accounting for more than half of all sentences. As a result, it dominates the penal landscape. Despite its prevalence, there is a surprising scarcity of scholarly analysis concerning its historical development, justification, practical application, or the challenges associated with its imposition and revocation. Czechia is not the only European country in this respect: there is a notable lack of recent comprehensive studies on suspended prison sentences across continental Europe, particularly within post-communist countries, where this sanction is very frequently imposed.This book addresses these gaps by offering a comprehensive examination of the suspended prison sentence. First, it explores the evolution of this sentence-by examining provisions, jurisprudence, and judicial practices-to understand how it became the predominant form of punishment. It then scrutinizes the current legislative framework and judicial decision-making processes, revealing problems linked to the imposition of suspended sentences and decisions regarding their revocation. Additionally, it presents the perspectives of judges on the various elements of suspended prison sentences.The detailed discussion of the historical context, legal provisions, practical applications, and judicial opinions reveals systemic issues inherent in the use of suspended prison sentences. These issues are further examined through the lens of sanction systems theory and by experimental testing of sentencing inflation (the imposition of longer suspended prison sentences instead of shorter non-suspended prison sentences). The book discloses-from multiple perspectives-that the current form of suspended prison sentences, as implemented in most continental European countries, is fundamentally flawed. It proposes a detailed reform, advocating for the transformation of the suspended prison sentence into a suspended sentence that would explicitly not be a modality of a prison sentence and would be governed by a different set of principles. Mon, 01 Jan 2024 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14178/3811 2024-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14178/3810 Who cares about the rule of law? Citizens’ rule of law priorities in Hungary and the Czech Republic Bakó, Beáta Csilla This article presents a representative empirical study where, instead of rating the importance of specific elements of the rule of law, respondents were asked to set up an order of priority between elements of democracy (majority rule) and the rule of law (counter-majoritarian institutions). The survey was conducted both in Hungary and the Czech Republic: these two countries represent the two extremes within the Visegrád Group regarding the rule-of-law-situation, Hungary being the worst and Czechia the best. In Hungary we can observe a deep tension in terms of priorities, and this basically translates into the government-opposition division: pro-government voters prioritize majoritarian arguments, while most opposition voters prefer counter-majoritarian institutions. In Czechia, on the contrary, counter-majoritarian and majoritarian features of the democratic system are seen in a more balanced way: even voters of populist and far-right parties highly appreciate the prevention of power abuse and a functioning constitutional court. Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14178/3810 2026-01-01T00:00:00Z